Type

Passive (requires external driver) or Active (self-oscillating)

Operating Voltage

3V–24V (varies by model; common: 5V, 12V)

Rated Voltage

Typically 12V (optimal performance)

Current Consumption

≤30mA (active) / Driver-dependent (passive)

Frequency Range

2kHz–4kHz (passive) / Fixed tone (active, e.g., 2.7kHz)

Sound Pressure

≥85dB (at 10cm, 12V)

Resonant Frequency

~3.5kHz (for passive models)

Capacitance

~15nF–20nF (passive)

Operating Temp.

-20°C to +70°C

Material

Piezo ceramic disc, plastic/metal housing

Diameter

50mm (standard)

Mounting

Screw holes or adhesive backing

Lifespan

≥10,000 hours